Management activities in the field of wellness physical health activity of population in large cities of Europe: analysis of approaches Introduction.WHOhasadoptedaStrategyforPhysicalActivityandcallsonnationalgovernments andlocalgovernmentstoupdatethisarea.Thepriorityofthisareaismostobviousinlargecities,whose populationleadsapredominantlysedentarylifestyle,resultinginanincreasedriskofdiseaseandgeneral deteriorationinhealthbothnationallyandglobally.Thepurposeofthestudyistostudythemechanismsof stimulatingthepopulationtodevelopphysicalactivity,involvementinphysicalcultureandmasssportsin theactivitiesoflocalauthorities.Analysisofmodelsofsocialinteractioninordertoformthecommitment ofthepopulationtophysicalactivitywiththeimplementationofthisvalueinallspheresoflife.Material and methods-analysisoflaws,comparativeanalysis,logicalmethod.Theresultsofthestudy-insome countriesanetworkofhealthymunicipalitieshasbeenestablishedandoperatesaspartoftheimplementation ofmeasurestosupportphysicalactivity.IntheEU,localgovernmentshavebeenpayingcloseattentionto thisforseveraldecades,accumulatingawiderangeoftoolsforeffectiveinteractionbetweengovernment, thepublicandprivatesectors.Conclusion-thisexperienceisextremelyusefulforUkraine,namelyinthe studyofthefunctions,formsandmethodsofphysicalactivitymanagementinlargecities,especiallyinthe contextoftheCOVID19pandemic

Introduction.­WHO­has­adopted­a­Strategy­for­Physical­Activity­and­calls­on­national­governments­ and­local­governments­to­update­this­area.­The­priority­of­this­area­is­most­obvious­in­large­cities,­whose­ population­leads­a­predominantly­sedentary­lifestyle,­resulting­in­an­increased­risk­of­disease­and­general­ deterioration­in­health­both­nationally­and­globally.­The­purpose­of­the­study­is­to­study­the­mechanisms­of­ stimulating­the­population­to­develop­physical­activity,­involvement­in­physical­culture­and­mass­sports­in­ the­activities­of­local­authorities.­Analysis­of­models­of­social­interaction­in­order­to­form­the­commitment­ of­the­population­to­physical­activity­with­the­implementation­of­this­value­in­all­spheres­of­life.­Material and methods­-­analysis­of­laws,­comparative­analysis,­logical­method.­The­results­of­the­study­-­in­some­ countries­a­network­of­healthy­municipalities­has­been­established­and­operates­as­part­of­the­implementation­ of­measures­to­support­physical­activity.­In­the­EU,­local­governments­have­been­paying­close­attention­to­ this­for­several­decades,­accumulating­a­wide­range­of­tools­for­effective­interaction­between­government,­ the­public­and­private­sectors.­Conclusion­-­this­experience­is­extremely­useful­for­Ukraine,­namely­in­the­ study­of­the­functions,­forms­and­methods­of­physical­activity­management­in­large­cities,­especially­in­the­ context­of­the­COVID19­pandemic. УДК: 35.07+796 DOI: 10.15421/1520120

G rassrootssports,physicalculture,sports and recreation are important areas of localself-governments'operation,and areassociatedwiththeneedtoimprovetheoverall health of the urban population.After all, threats to the health of the population in cities, where themajorityofpeopledividetheirtimebetween office and home and do not engage much in physicalactivity,incontrasttoruralresidents,are significant.Firstofall,thesethreatsareassociated with the development of hypertension, diabetes, overweight,andtheriskofprematuredeathdueto heartandvascularsystemdiseases (WHO,1998). Therefore, in fact, the involvement of a large number of citizens in health-improving physical activitywillhelptoovercomethesethreats (WHO, 2018). Managing the development of grassroots physicalcultureandsportsdiffersfrommanaging the development of professional sports as it is designedforverybroadgroupsofpopulationand different age groups, and not just sports clubs, professional athletes and even amateur athletes who play for sports teams.The goal here is not athleticachievements,buttheimprovementofthe levelofnationalhealthasthehighestsocialcapital foranystateorcommunity.Therefore,atthelocal governmentlevel,programsforthedevelopment of physical activity of the population, their involvementingrassrootsphysicalactivitiesand sports, and grassroots sports events are being developed and implemented. This is especially trueforlargecities (Wahlgren,2011),whichhave both large populations and sufficient financial resourcesfordevelopmentinthisdirection.
Formulation of the goals of the article. The purposeofthearticleistoanalyzethemanagement approachesintheactivitiesoflocalauthoritiesin the direction of prioritizing the development of health and physical activity of the population in largecities(ontheexampleofEUcountries).
Material and methods. To analyze the management approaches in the development ofphysicalactivityofthepopulationinforeign countries,itisnecessarytostudythequalitative andquantitativecharacteristicsofthisprocess.
Accordingtothedataavailableinopensources of information (government websites of EU countries), it is necessary to assess the level of involvement of the population of European countries in grassroots sports, especially in countries neighboring with Ukraine. It is also important to consider the trends of grassroots sports, physical activity and recreation in some European countries to understand what methods and forms of management used by local authorities provide an effective result for the development of physical activity in the community. It is also necessary to evaluate the policyoftheEuropeanUnioninrelationtothe development of grassroots sports and physical activity. According to previous research, it is essentialaswelltoassessthelevelofdevelopment ofsportsinfrastructureandaccessibilityofsports in the EU. The research used such methods of scientificcognitionasdeskresearchtoinvestigate theinformationandreferencebase,themethod of graphic support, methods of synthesis and analysis of information, which provided the opportunity to obtain new scientific knowledge andresearchfindings.
Analysis of recent research and publications. The issue of physical activity of the population as an object of public administration appeared in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, as with the development of the information society most humanneedsbegantobemetintheso-called "outstretchedhand"mode,whenitissufficient just to be in front of a computer to get new knowledge, order food or medicine delivered toone'shome,geteducation,consultadoctor, etc.AccordingtoWHOexperts,thebeginning of the third millennium is the beginning of an era of metabolic diseases (obesity, diabetes) and premature mortality in the most developed countries. Therefore, the study of issues related to hypodynamics is given much attentionby researchersfrom various fields of science (medicine, sports industry, economics, transport, etc.). The interdisciplinarity of the objectofthestudyallowsustosaythatthorough researchhasbeenconductedtostudytheimpact ofphysicalactivityonhealthinschoolchildren and young people (Janssen I, LeBlanc AG), and among adults (Allender S, Cowburn G, Foster C.). Peter Gelius analyzed the state of implementationofnationalpoliciesonphysical activityintheEU(Geliusetal.,2020),andА. BaumanetE.Kahnpresentedsthepeculiarities of organizationalrestructuring of management approachestotheexpansionofphysicalactivity (Baumanetal.,2012;Kahnetal.,2002).There has been a world-wide increase in scientific interest in health-enhancing physical activity (Martin et al., 2006). The importance of a physically active lifestyle has now been well established both on the individual and on the population level. At the same time, physical inactivityhasbecomeaglobalproblem.While sports for all has a long history, only a few examples of long-term integrated physical activitypromotionstrategieshavebeeninplace inEuropeuntilrecently.Anumberofcountries havenowbeguntodeveloptheirownactivities. However, there has been a noticeable lack of a platform for sharing the development and implementationofevidence-basedpoliciesand strategies (Martinetal.,2006). In order tofill thisgap,HEPAEurope,theEuropeanNetwork forthePromotionofHealth-EnhancingPhysical Activity, was founded in May 2005.The goal of the network is to strengthen and support efforts and actions that increase participation inphysicalactivityandimprovetheconditions favorable to a healthy lifestyle, in particular withrespecttoHEPA.TheNetworkisworking closelywithWHO/Europe.However,thefocus of research on current methods and forms of activity used by local authorities of European countriesinlargecitiestobeadaptedandfurther implemented in Ukraine remains somewhat limitedintheUkrainiangovernmentpractice.
The main results of the study. In Western Europe,localself-governmentspaygreatattention tothedevelopmentofgrassrootssports,physical educationandactiverecreationincities.
ThatiswhythecountriesofWesternEurope are characterized by the greatest engagement of the population is grassroots sports (EU Council Recommendationof26November2013).Itshould betakenintoaccountthat"regularsports"arenot associatedwithparticipationinprofessionalsports andsportsteams.Itisaboutthosepeoplewhodo sportsintheirfreetime,atleast5hoursaweek. The leaders in the development of grassroots sports in Europe are Estonia, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Denmark, Ireland, and Sweden (EU Council Recommendation of 26 November 2013). Against their background, Ukrainelagsfarbehind.
The good results of the development of grassrootssportsinEstoniaareduetothefact thatthelocalgovernmentofthecapital-Tallinn -pay great attention to the implementation of programsinthisfield.Tallinnauthoritiessupport various sports projects, associations, sports centers, organize grassroots sports events, and initiate international sports competitions. The amount of funding to support sports activities will be 5.7 million euros in 2020 (by 7.1% higherthanin2019,asplannedinthebudget), thefundswillbeusedtosupportsportsactivities of22,500childrenandadolescentsaged7to19, andsportsfanswithdisabilities(atleast40%) withoutagerestrictions.Themunicipalprogram "Sportstoschools"isimplemented,underwhich classes are held in 17 schools in Tallinn. The program is aimed at schoolchildren aged 7-8, whoareintroducedtovarioussportsbyqualified coaches and sports clubs. Reconstruction of Kalev Stadium (together with the national authorities)andTallinnSportsHallisunderway; construction of football fields, basketball and volleyball outdoor areas will continue in the city districts. Tallinn is also developing a networkofurbanhealthtrailsandsupportsthe Tallinn in the Move! series of competitions. The volume of investments in sports, youth workandrecreationinTallinnbudgetfor2020 amountedto4.7millioneuros,whichistwice theamountallocatedin2019.22millioneuros hasbeenallocatedforcurrentexpensesin2020. Tallinn is also developing support for sports leisure in families. On October 28, 2019, the municipality and the non-profit organization "EstonianUnionofLargeFamilies"signedan agreementsothatfamilieswithUnioncardscan visitthecity'ssports,cultural,leisurefacilities and museums on preferential terms. For large families, this will allow to use fee-charging sports facilities on preferential terms (Tallinn willsupportthefieldofyouthwork,sportsand leisure with a vengeance, 2019). During the COVID-19pandemic,Tallinndidnotabandon the implementation of the grassroots sports development program. Moreover, sports clubs with restrictions on attendance were exempt fromtaxes,rent(whenrentingfacilitiesatcity sports facilities), and received assistance from the municipality (Tallinn has announced new measurestosupporturbansports,2020).
In other European countries, state programs for the development of grassroots sports are being implemented as well, and theyarealsoaimedatdevelopinglocalsports infrastructure. For example, in Poland the program"SportowaPolska-Programrozwoju lokalnej infrastruktury sportowej" is being implemented(SportowaPolska-Programfor thedevelopmentoflocalsportsinfrastructure, 2019).Investmentsinthedevelopmentofsports infrastructureweredividedintothreegroups: investments in the development of sports facilities that are designed to train athletes, investments in school sports infrastructure, and investments in those infrastructure facilities that are designed for recreation and grassroots sports.At the same time, the state co-finances the creation of sports facilities for municipalities (gmins), and allocates to local self-governments significant (33-70% ofthecost)resourcesforthecreationofsuch facilities. An important requirement is to ensuretheavailabilityofsuchfacilitiestothe population.Itisespeciallyimportantthatthose sports facilities located outdoors are free for thepublic.Currently(atthebeginningof2020) thereare60sportsfacilitiesinWarsaw,which are part of the district sports and recreation centers,accountabletotheCityHall.Warsaw has 24 swimming pools, 19 gyms, 2 bowling alleysandtenniscourts,astadium,anicerink andaskatepark.Greenareas-mainlyforests andparks-arealsoidealplacesforsportsor recreation in Warsaw. Currently, 16 separate zones of urban forests play an importantrole intermsofairpurificationandhaveapositive impactonthemicroclimateofthecity,although they have also created ideal conditions for spending free time. The most frequently visited by residents of Warsaw because of their large recreational infrastructure are LazienkiKrulewski,FieldsMokotowski,Park of Culture in Powsyn, Kemp Potocka, Park Skariszewski, Fort Bema and Brodnowski Park.Therearebenchesandwalking,cycling, and rollerblading routes. There is a rental of rollers, bicycles, and some equipment for watersports(kayaks,boats,pedalboats),asit ispossibletoswiminponds,canals,andother artificialbodiesofwater.IntheSzczeclovicki Park you can descend from the ski slope not onlyinwinter.TheVistulawaterareaisalso usedforwatersports (Schmidt,2016).
In a country like Finland, the state and municipalities annually allocate significant sumsfor the developmentofgrassrootssports (Vuori,Lankenau,&Pratt,2004).Municipalities annually spend about 700 million euros to subsidizesportsclubsandsportsorganizations aswellasresearchinthefieldofsports.About 90%ofFinnishemployerspayonaverageupto 200eurosperyearforsportstoeachemployee orreimbursethecostofseasonticketstofitness clubs, or create corporate gyms. The Finnish Constitution considers the right to sport as a "fundamental cultural right". At the same time,about10%oftheadultpopulationofthe countryaresportsvolunteers,whichcontributes to the development of sports in the country (Europulsometer:sportsEurope,2016).
Germany is also a country where much attentionispaidtothedevelopmentofgrassroots sportsandphysicalculture.InGermany,thereisa largenumberofsportsfacilitiesinbigcitiesand smalltowns.Atthesametime,atthelevelofthe federation and federal states there are 11 active sports support programs (including grassroots sports), which solve the following basic tasks: 1)promotingtheconstructionofsportsfacilities; 2) development of sports in schools and higher educational institutions; 3) assistance to sports organizations; 4) assistance to special groups of population who should do sports (disabled people,prisoners,foreignersstayinginGermany, and others). Construction and reconstruction of sports infrastructure is an important area of sports spending in Germany. It is carried out by lands and municipalities. Subsidies for sportsorganizationsarealsoprovidedwhenitis impossible to solve certain problems by means of the sports organizationitself(such a problem was the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 (WHO, 2020),andsportsorganizationsinGermanyalso received subsidies to support their activities).
Subsidies are usually used for administrative expenses,purchaseofsportsequipment,training, andmore.Supportformembersofspecialgroups is related to the programs: "Sports as disease prevention"; "Sports for convicts"; "Sports for the unemployed"; "Sports for drug addicts"; "Sports for foreigners" [2]. At the same time, activesupportforthedevelopmentofgrassroots sports at the municipal level in Germany began long ago. Back in 1994, the Congress of the German Gymnastics Union in 1994 demanded that the item "Promotion of Sports" be included intothestatutesofmunicipalities.Sincethen,the developmentofgrassrootssportshasbecomethe responsibilityoflocalself-governments.Lawsare alsopassedatthelevelofthefederalgovernment.
As an example, Rhineland-Palatinate has the "Land Law on Public Promotion of Sports and Recreation". This land has 1,300,000 inhabitants and5,900sportsorganizationsoperating,andover 500,000peopleareinvolvedinunorganizedsports. The land budget allocates more than 30 million euros annually for the development of sports in theregion.Partofthecostsarecoveredbyfunds fromlotteriesheldbysportsassociation (Bazenko, 2017).InGermany,thepromotionofsportsforall holdsaspecialplace,carriedoutthroughvarious campaigns and programs, so the Ministry of Family,Elderly,WomenandYouthtogetherwith manyotherorganizationsandtheGermanSports Union has launched a project under the motto "Movement,gamesandsportsintheserviceofthe elderly" (Namazov,&Gazieva,2016).
In the countries of Southern Europe (Spain, Italy,Greece,andPortugal)duetothefavorable climate,outdoorfitnesshasbecomewidespread. There are workout areas, small street stadiums, playgrounds for outdoor activities in yards, squares,andparks.InSpain,themostwidespread type of physical activity is running. Amateur racesareheldinparksinthecountryat6-7am. In general, running in Europe has become the most significant trend in grassroots sports in recent years. Marathon Performance Across Nationsresearchshowsthatfrom2008to2018, interest in long marathon distances in Europe increasedby49.43%,andinsomecountrieseven higher:inPortugalby177%,inIrelandby130% (QualityofLifeinEuropeanCities2015,2016). Thus, the calendar of European races in 2016-2017 included 1865 races for non-professional amateurs: in France 483 (the highest number of allEuropeancountries),200intheUKandItaly (Europulsometer:sportsEurope,2016).
The European Union is currently trying togetEuropeanstomovemore.In2017,the EuropeanCommissionlaunchedtheTartuCall foraHealthyLifestyle.Thiswasaroadmap for 2018-2019 to strengthen coordination between different areas of EU policy to addresssocial,medical,andeconomicissues of unhealthy lifestyles, including lack of physicalactivity.
Conclusions. The analysis of the activities of local authorities in EU countries in terms of involving the population of large cities in grassroots sports, aimed at increasing mobility and a healthy lifestyle, is an urgent public administration problem, which became especially evident in the COVID-19 pandemic (WHO,2020).Prioritizationofhealth-improving physical activity of the population strengthens the social capital of communities, as physical activityreducestherisksofdiseaseandpremature mortalityfromstrokesandheartattacks,which have the highest numbers in large cities where thepopulationsuffersfromhypodynamics.
Toimplementprogramsforthedevelopment of physical activity of the population, local self-governmentsdeviseprogramsandplanthe developmentofsportsinfrastructureandevents. At the same time, difficulties with resources for the implementation of these programs are oftensolvedattheexpenseofthestatebudget, whichparticipatesinfinancingthedevelopment of sports infrastructure, including infrastructure for grassroots sports. A number of European Unioncountrieshaveadoptedspecialprograms aimed at financing such facilities, especially in largecities,wherethesefacilitiesarerequiredin large numbers (stadiums, sports grounds, paths for running and walking, bike paths in parks, swimmingpools,etc.).Incontrasttothecreation of commercial sports facilities, it is about the possibilityoffreeaccessofallcityresidentsto suchfacilities,freeofchargeorforasmallfee.
The European Union is also implementing a program to support the development of grassroots sports, which allocated 266 million euros to member countries during 2014-2020. In the modern concept of development of physical activity of the population in the EU countries,thedevelopmentofgrassrootssports hasbecomeoneofthemostimportantpriorities of social development. At the level of local governments of European cities, mass events are held to promote sports among citizens. Usually,duringsuchevents,newsportsfacilities are opened for grassroots physical education classes. In addition, from 2015 to 2019, an annualSportsWeekwasheldinallEUcountries in September, during which grassroots sports events were organized by local governments in all cities. Thus, the conducted analysis made it possible to identify basic activities of local authorities in the given area, namely intersectoral cooperation and distribution of activities between sectors and industries; environmental protection and development of targetedhealthinfrastructure;consultationsand organizationofphysicalexercises;activitiesthat promotepublicawarenessandtheformationof civiccommitmenttograssrootssports;dialogue involving scholars and experts on physical activity in different age groups; monitoring of employersregardingthearrangementofoffice sports grounds; coordination, observation, monitoring and evaluation of local target programs. Local authorities use different models of financial flow management for the development of physical activity of the population: funding from local budgets, the statebudgetoranintegratedmodel(subsidiary). All this is extremely useful expertise for implementationinUkraine.